ABSTRACT
Abstract Purpose: To identify the most relevant flaws in standardization in husbandry practices and lack of transparency to report them. This review proposes some measures in order to improve transparency, reproducibility and eventually external validity in experimental surgery experiments with rat model. Methods: We performed a search of scientific articles in PUBMED data base. The survey was conducted from august 2016 to January 2017. The keywords used were "reproducibility", "external validity", "rat model", "rat husbandry", "rat housing", and the time frame was up to January 2017. Articles discarded were the ones which the abstract or the key words did not imply that the authors would discuss any relationship of husbandry and housing with the reproducibility and transparency of reporting animal experiment. Reviews and papers that discussed specifically reproducibility and data reporting transparency were laboriously explored, including references for other articles that could fulfil the inclusion criteria. A total of 246 articles were initially found but only 44 were selected. Results: Lack of transparency is the rule and not the exception when reporting results with rat model. This results in poor reproducibility and low external validity with the consequence of considerable loss of time and financial resources. There are still much to be done to improve compliance and adherence of researchers, editors and reviewers to adopt guidelines to mitigate some of the challenges that can impair reproducibility and external validity. Conclusions: Authors and reviewers should avoid pitfalls of absent, insufficient or inaccurate description of relevant information the rat model used. This information should be correctly published or reported on another source easily available for readers. Environmental conditions are well known by laboratory animal personnel and are well controlled in housing facilities, but usually neglected in experimental laboratories when the rat model is a novelty for the researcher.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Research Design/standards , Models, Animal , Animal Experimentation/standards , Housing, Animal/standards , Animal Husbandry/standards , Reference Standards , Lighting , Adaptation, Physiological , Sex Factors , Reproducibility of Results , Age Factors , Environment , Acclimatization , Intestines/microbiology , Animal FeedABSTRACT
Between October 2001 and December 2004, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply conducted a study to evaluate the epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in 14 Brazilian states. The work included an epidemiological questionnaire intended to assess possible risk factors for the disease in herds. This also fostered the development of a descriptive analysis of livestock in various regions. The results demonstrated the high heterogeneity of the production chain and inequalities between various actors of the productive chain. Overall, we found that most farm holdings raise few animals extensively, with low investment in technology, specialization and intensification of management. Considering the increasing participation of Brazil in global food production, the results reflect an optimistic outlook about the potential for production of meat and milk by the country if policies aimed at increasing productivity levels of small producers are introduced. Given the scarcity of such projects, we reflected on the need for further work with this approach and on the establishment of an integrated information system with respect to information regarding the health and productivity of cattle farms, whereas the greater knowledge about the environment will be the most effective actions to correct problems in the industry.
Entre outubro de 2001 e dezembro de 2004, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento realizou um estudo visando conhecer a situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina em 14 Unidades Federativas do Brasil. O trabalho incluiu um questionário epidemiológico com a intenção de avaliar possíveis fatores de risco para a doença nos rebanhos. O mesmo possibilitou a realização de uma análise descritiva da pecuária em diversas regiões. Os resultados demonstraram a alta heterogeneidade da cadeia produtiva e as desigualdades produtivas entre diversos atores da cadeia. De maneira geral, observou-se que a maior parte das propriedades cria extensivamente poucos animais, com baixo investimento em tecnologia, em especialização e intensificação dos manejos. Considerando a crescente participação brasileira no cenário da produção de alimentos, os resultados refletem uma perspectiva otimista acerca do potencial de crescimento da produção de carne e leite pelo país caso políticas voltadas para o incremento nos índices de produtividade dos pequenos produtores sejam instituídas. Tendo em vista a escassez de projetos desse tipo, reflete-se a respeito da necessidade de outros trabalhos com esse enfoque e da criação de um sistema integrado de informações sobre a sanidade, produtividade e característica das criações de bovinos, considerando que quanto maior for o conhecimento a respeito do ambiente sobre o qual as criações estão inseridas, mais efetivas serão as atitudes tomadas frente aos problemas encontrados no setor.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Animal Husbandry/standards , Efficiency, Organizational , Livestock Industry/methods , Brazil , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Determinar los indicadores demográficos y estimar la población de canes con dueño en el distrito de San Martin de Porres. Metodología: Se desarrolló encuestas, que se entregaron a los hogares a través de los estudiantes de nivel primario o fueron resueltas en el aula por estudiantes de nivel secundario de Instituciones Educativas cuyas autoridades respaldaron la investigación. El instrumento utilizado fue aprobado por las autoridades de la Municipalidad, las mismas que apoyaron la coordinación y distribución correspondiente. Para la estimación de la población de canes se utilizó los resultados del Censo de población del INEI del año 2007 y la proyección de esta población al 2013. Resultados y Conclusiones: Se encontró que el porcentaje de hogares con canes fue de 58,2% y que la media de canes por vivienda fue de 1,6. La relación persona: can fue 7:1. Con datos del censo del INEI del 2007, la proyección estimada total de canes que fue de 82 794. La estimación de perros ajustado al tipo de vivienda y la relación persona: can fue de 83 845, difiriendo en 1051 (1.01%). Considerando la proyección del crecimiento poblacional para el año 2013 y manteniendo la relación persona: can, se estimó un total de 96 164 canes lo que representaría una tasa de crecimiento de 16,1% para el periodo 2007-2013. Se espera que los resultados del estudio ofrezcan información que favorezca la labor del sector salud y autoridades municipales en el desarrollo y planificación de las campañas de vacunación antirrábica y los programas relacionados con la tenencia responsable de los animales de compañía...
The aim of this study was to determine demographic indicators and to estimate the population of owned dogs in the district of San Martin de Porres using surveys. Methods: This was carried out with the help of school students under authorities approval and supervision. To calculate the dogÆs population we used the INEIÆs Population Census from 2007 and their projection to the year 2013. Results and Conclusions: Results showed that the percentage of households with dogs was 58,2%, the average per house was 1,6 dogs, and the human:can ratio was 7:1. Using the INEI´s census data from 2007, the total dog´s population estimated was 82 794, however we estimated the dogsÆ population, adjusted to the type of housing and the human: can ratio, to be 83 845, which differed in 1051 (1.01%). Taking in consideration the projected population growth by 2013, and keeping the human: can ratio, there will be a total of 96164 dogs which could represent a growth rate of 16,1% for 2007 to 2013. The results of this study will provide valuable information to promote the work from the health and local authorities to plan rabies vaccination campaigns and to develop programs related to a responsible pet ownership in the community...